Historical Geography Journal ISSN 2782-6511 (Print) | ISSN 3034-5286 (Online)

Temurmalik K. Kholmatov
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Russian State University for the Humanities; National Research University “Higher School of Economics” (Russia, Moscow)
ORCID: 0000-0002-2975-1647
E-mail: timur.kholmatoff@yandex.ru

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UDC 001.891
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2026-5-2-6-17

ABSTRACT. The paper reconstructs the organizational structure of the Scientific Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences on Historical Geography and Cartography from the time of its creation until its reorganization in 1984. Emphasis is laid on identifying its composition and circumstances of the creation. Special attention is paid to the institutional transformations in the council’s structure in the first half of the 1980s, which were caused by the growing academic interest in historical demography. The study is also focused on the characteristics of the main activities of the council. They were associated with the preparation of the USSR historical atlas and other major publications (including collections of historical sources), scientific events on historical geography and related fields of knowledge, the development of standards for the borders of Russia, as well as with assistance to various departments in publishing maps designed for a wide audience. The research is based on documentation sources (mainly report documents and protocols of scientific meetings from the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Scientific Archive of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences). It also draws upon the published overviews in the Soviet scientific periodicals on the council’s activities and the events organized by this scientific advisory body, as well as the researches prepared by its members.

KEYWORDS: Academy of Sciences, scientific council, historical geography, historical cartography, historical demography, coordination of scientific research, historical atlas of the USSR

For citation: Kholmatov T. K. [The Scientific Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences on Historical Geography and Cartography: Composition and Main Areas of Activity in 1968–1984]. Istorikogeograficheskiy zhurnal [Historical Geography Journal], 2026, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 6–17. DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2026-5-2-6-17 (In Russian).

Received 16 February 2026
Accepted 28 May 2026

© 2026 The Author

REFERENCES

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  Drobizhev V. Z., Kovalchenko I. D., Muravyov A. V. Istoricheskaya geografiya SSSR: uchebnoye posobiye [Historical Geography of the USSR: A Textbook]. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola Publ., 1973. (In Russian).
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• Kholmatov T. K. [Scientific and Organisational Activity of Soviet Researchers for the Preparation of the Historical Atlas of the USSR in the 1960s — early 1980s]. Zhurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya [Journal of the Belarusian State University. History], 2024, no. 3, pp. 33–40. EDN: OQJVZZ (In Russian).

Dmitriy A. Krutov
Sevastopol State University (Russia, Sevastopol)
ORCID: 0000-0002-5513-663X
Е-mail: historymind99@yandex.ru

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UDC 930.27
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2026-5-2-18-41

ABSTRACT. This article analyzes the historical mapping of Roman Britain within the context of the development of British historical cartography in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The analysis primarily focuses on the map of Roman Britain from “An Atlas of Ancient Geography” (1874), produced under the editorship of William Smith. This map, compiled on the basis of a broad corpus of classical sources and archaeological data, became the essentialist quintessence of the geographical principle in 19th-century British historical cartography, whereby a single, relatively large-scale map was dedicated to a specific territory. The relevance of this research is determined by the need for sourcecritical study of historical maps as a foundation for modern historical-geographical reconstructions, as well as the absence of works examining the evolution of mapping for a specific historical period and territory, in this case, Roman Britain. Methodologically, the research employs a comprehensive historical-geographical approach, combining elements of external and internal criticism of the cartographic source. Particular attention is paid to the mathematical and geographical basis of the cartographic material, the methods and objects of topographical actualization, and the synchronous use of multiple toponymic systems. Based on a comparative historical-cartographic analysis, the map of Roman Britain is highly assessed as a valuable source for studying the history of cartography and for retrospective geographic information modeling, laying the foundation for subsequent historical cartographic works on classical Britain. However, due to the commercial failure of “An Atlas of Ancient Geography”, this map did not achieve wide circulation and consequently did not directly influence the mass educational atlases of its time, becoming a vivid historical-cartographic emblem of a bygone era of classical elite education.

KEYWORDS: historical cartography, historical atlas, historical map, Roman Britain, Atlas of Ancient Geography, William Smith

For citation: Krutov D. A. [Historical Mapping of Roman Britain (Based on the Cartographic Material of William Smith’s Atlas of Ancient Geography)]. Istoriko-geograficheskiy zhurnal [Historical Geography Journal], 2026, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 18–41. DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2026-5-2-18-41 (In Russian).

Received 6 March 2026
Accepted 13 May 2026

© 2026 The Author

REFERENCES

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• Baryshnikov A. E. [Roman Britain and the Problem of Romanization: Crisis of a Traditional Concept and the Discussion about New Approaches in Contemporary British Classical Scholarship]. Vestnik Nizhegorodskogo universiteta im. N. I. Lobachevskogo [Vestnik of Lobachevsky University of Nizhni
  Novgorod], 2012, no. 6 (3), pp. 200–211. EDN: RELIPJ. (In Russian).
• Baryshnikov A. E. Rimskaya Britaniya: 12 lektsiy dlya proyekta Magisteriya [Roman Britain: 12 Lectures for the Magisterium Project]. Moscow: Rosebud Publishing, 2023. (In Russian).
• Batalov R. N., Radchenko L. K. [Ways of Development of Historical Cartography]. Vestnik SGUGiT (Sibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta geosistem i tekhnologiy) [Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies)], 2022, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 90–109. EDN: TICYNE. DOI:
  10.33764/2411-1759-2022-27-5-90-109 (In Russian).
• Black J. Historical atlases. The Historical Journal, 1994, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 643–667. (In English).
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• Grishin E. S., Krutov D. A. [Attribution Techniques of Primary Cartographic Sources as a Practice of Cartographic Source Studies]. Ural’skij istoriceskij vestnik [Ural Historical Journal], 2024, no. 3 (84), pp. 125–133. EDN: OVBCBG. DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2024-3(84)-125-133 (In Russian).
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Elena N. Dubovtseva
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the
Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia, Ekaterinburg)
ORCID: 0000-0003-3214-7173
E-mail: ket1980@yandex.ru

Arseniy Al. Leontiev
Specialized Educational and Research Center of the Ural Federal University (Russia, Еkaterinburg)
ORCID: 0009-0001-6607-4112
E-mail: stockvstoys@gmail.com

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UDC 902.2(470.5)”632″
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2026-5-2-42-53

ABSTRACT. Analyzing finds distribution within an excavation trench is a key step in the study of an archaeological site. At the current stage, the use of heat maps (Kernel Density Estimation — KDE) is a promising method for processing data from individual three-dimensional recording of a large number of artifacts. The article demonstrates the potential of this method using the example of the Kakvinskiye Pechi I Eneolithic settlement (Northern Trans-Urals). The object of the study is a semidugout dwelling covering an area of 28 sq. m with a recessed central hearth. A representative collection of pottery and stone tools (4,357 items) was recovered from the excavation. To visualize the density distribution of the artifacts, the authors developed original scripts in Python (seaborn, pandas) using a Gaussian kernel and an optimal smoothing parameter. The analysis of heat maps identified areas of concentration of stone tools and pottery within the dwelling: stone tools and
production waste are localized south of the hearth, while pottery is concentrated in the northwestern part. This allowed the reconstruction of the functional structure of the living space: food preparation, repair and manufacture of stone tools (arrowheads, scrapers, knives) took place near the hearth. The identified spatial separation of pottery and stone tools indicates functional zoning of the dwelling, likely reflecting the division of household tasks. The predominance of hunting weapons (arrowheads) among the tools, combined with the absence of fishing weights and the small number of fish bones in the hearth, suggests a winter occupation season with hunting as the main activity. The proposed KDE method has proven highly effective for analyzing the structure of living space even when the material is not fully preserved, and can be recommended for the study of both single-layer and multilayered sites.

KEYWORDS: Northern Trans-Urals, Eneolithic, spatial analysis, planigraphy, Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), Python in archaeology, structure of living space

For citation: Dubovtseva E. N., Leontiev A. Al. [Heat Maps as a Tool for Spatial Analysis of Finds in an Excavation Trench: A Case Study of the Kakvinskiye Pechi I Eneolithic Site]. Istorikogeograficheskiy zhurnal [Historical Geography Journal], 2026, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 42–53. DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2026-5-2-42-53 (In Russian).

Received 7 May 2026
Accepted 6 July 2026

© 2026 The Authors

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• Baxter M. J. Statistics in Archaeology. London: Arnold; New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. (In English).
• Chairkina N. M. Eneolit Srednego Zaural’ya [Eneolithic of the Middle Trans-Urals]. Ekaterinburg: UrO RAN Publ., 2005. (In Russian).
• Digital Geoarchaeology: New Techniques for Interdisciplinary Human-Environmental Research. Heidelberg: Springer, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25316-9 (In English).
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Alexander V. Safronov
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russia, Moscow)
ORCID: 0000-0002-2121-1136
E-mail: alexsafronov@bk.ru

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UDC 94(399.7): 004.94
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2026-5-2-54-77

ABSTRACT. The article examines the territorial and political organization of the аncient Maya of the Late Classic period based on the GIS approach. The main object of the study is the Xukalnaah Kingdom, which developed in the 6th century in Lacanha Valley (Chiapas, Mexico) with centers in the archaeological sites of Bonampak and Lacanha. The reconstruction of the kingdom’s territory and the identification of the elements of its internal organizational structure are based on epigraphic sources and an analysis of the distribution of archaeological sites in the Lakanha Valley. The study employs 4-level settlement patterns model adopted in contemporary historiography and characteristic of the early Maya state, but combined with physical geography data. A particular focus of this work is the analysis of the role of community associations within the Maya polity’s structure. The research concluded that, at the height of its power in the 7th–8th centuries, the Xukalnaah Kingdom covered an area of around 700–800 km². Its territory was formed around a core comprising two densely populated urban centers with 12 local community associations. From the 6th century onwards, a periphery began to take shape within the kingdom, comprising eight small regions covering an area of around 50–100 km², which were governed by local lords and later by sajals (governors). Thus, Xukalnaah was a mid-level kingdom with a complex organizational structure, largely dependent on its powerful neighbors (Pachan, Saktz’i, Yokib), but which also had its own sphere of influence in the Lakanha Valley.

KEYWORDS: ancient Maya, Lacanha Valley, Lacandon selva, early state, settlement archaeology, epigraphy, GIS

For citation: Safronov A. V. [Ancient Maya Territorial and Political Organization in the Lacanha Valley in the Late Classic. A GIS Reconstruction]. Istoriko-geograficheskiy zhurnal [Historical Geography Journal], 2026, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 54–77. DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2026-5-2-54-77 (In Russian).

Received 8 May 2026
Accepted 6 July 2026

© 2026 The Author

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• Safronov A. V. [The Local Elites in The Rank Structure and Administrative System of the Late Classic Maya Polities in the Western Region]. Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnyye issledovaniya [History Magazine: Researches], 2022, no. 5, pp. 109–130. EDN: JBAJDC. DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.5.38759 (In Russian).
• Safronov A. V. [Maya Hieroglyphic Inscription on the Stela 1 from Ojos de Agua]. GRAPHOSPHAERA: Pis’mo i pis’mennyye praktiki [GRAPHOSPHAERA: Writing and Written Practices], 2025, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 25–49. EDN: KDOZCF. DOI: 10.32608/2782-5272-2025-5-2-25-49. (In Russian).
• Smith A. The Political Landscape. Constalation of Authority in Early Complex Polities. Berkley: University of California Press, 2003. (In English).
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• Tovalin A., Ortiz V. M., Corrales F. Sitio arqueólogico Lacanhá, municipio de Ocosingo, Chiapas. Primeros resultados de campo. Los Investigadores de la Cultura Maya 14. Campeche: Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, 2006, vol. 1, pp. 279–296. (In Spanish).
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Oleg N. Kationov
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University (Russia, Novosibirsk)
ORCID: 0000-0002-7260-0051
E-mail: korolek1953@gmail.com

Georgy S. Khorokhordin
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Siberian Transport University (Russia, Novosibirsk)
ORCID: 0000-0002-7041-9996
E-mail: gkhor@yandex.ru

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UDC 94(470.31)”18/19″:528.92
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2026-5-2-78-89

ABSTRACT. The article deals with the results of the study of the lower administrative-territorial division of the Kainsky okrug-uezd of the Tomsk Governorate in the late 19th — early 20th centuries. The authors conclude that the reforming of volost boundaries in the 1890-1910s was associated with an increase in the number of population. The greatest structural changes took place during the period of mass peasant resettlements to Siberia in the early 20th century. First of all — the gradual liquidation of the system of separate administration for «inorodtsy», followed by the incorporation of these territories into larger volosts. The authors drew on cartographic materials, which enabled them to adhere to the principle of territorial continuity and to identify local changes within certain groups of volosts. In the course of the work, comparative tables were drawn up showing the key changes in the lower division of the Kainsky uezd in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The main feature of the work was constructing cartographic models for the purpose of spatial visualization of changes in the volost division. The multi-temporal maps, depicting the territory of the Kainsky okruguezd from the 1890s to 1917, formed the basis for the raster images used to create the vector layers (volost boundaries, major settlements, transport routes, rivers, etc.). The authors then grouped them into the following conventional stages: the 1890s–1911, 1911–1914 and 1914–1917, in order to analyze the dynamics of the demarcation processes within the volosts. In order to objectively assess the historical factors that influenced the administrative division of the Kainsky okrug-uezd during the period under study, the data were compared with statistical data for the Tomsk Governorate and reports on land surveying works for peasant settlers in the region.

KEYWORDS: Tomsk Governorate, Kainsky uezd, volosts boundaries, settlement network

For citation: Kationov O. N., Khorokhordin G. S. [Analyzing Dynamics of the Development of the Settlement Network of the Kainsky Okrug-Uezd of the Tomsk Governorate in the Late 19th — Early 20th Centuries Using Cartographic Modeling]. Istoriko-geograficheskiy zhurnal [Historical Geography Journal], 2026, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 78–89. DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2026-5-2-78-89 (In Russian).

Received 11 August 2025
Accepted 17 February 2026

© 2026 The Authors

REFERENCES

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• Tatarnikova A. I. [Resettlement Towns in Western Siberia in the Late Imperial Period: Population, Social Infrastructure, Sanitary Condition]. Vestnik omskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Tomsk State University Journal], 2017, no. 417, pp. 155–162. EDN: YQPYCD. DOI: 10.17223/15617793/417/22 (In Russian).

Evgeniy S. Grishin
Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Ekaterinburg, Russia
E-mail: bibliosof-info@yandex.ru
ORCID: 0000-0002-9521-2246

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UDC 94(47)”1721/1917″:528.9
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2025-4-1-6-37

ABSTRACT. The article is devoted to the issues of determining the level of cartographic exploration and its connection with the historical development of the territory under consideration. The theoretical part considers the concept of cartographic exploration, provides examples of the practice of maintaining catalogs and cartograms of exploration in modern cartography. The article also describes the specifics of the historical assessment of the growth in survey topographic works and the possibilities of taking into account various indicators of exploration, which are relevant for its retrospective assessment: the total number of survey maps for a certain region, the duration of topographic works, the instrumental and methodological base. A description of the methodology for maintaining retrospective cartographic exploration is given: indicators of accounting for growth, a template of the registration card and other methodological standards. The features of the main groups of sources on the history of cartographic exploration are considered. The author’s periodization of the development of exploration of the European part of the Russian Empire from 1720 to the First World War is given, and four stages are characterized with identifying dominant characteristics and the most priority regions for survey work. The article provides a description of individual groups of survey cartographic works, including land maps of the Petrine geodesists, maps of the Geographical Department of the Academy of Sciences, general survey plans, military topographic maps, and others. The significance of thematic and object-oriented mapping is described in relation to the growth of the total array of survey cartography. The article is accompanied by several tables, which compactly present the main factual material of the article: the progress of cartographic works at different stages, indicating the chronological framework and performers. General observations on the article are presented in the form of the two author’s maps indicating the predominant cartographic works for individual periods, which are considered in the article.

KEYWORDS: cartographic exploration, history of cartography, European part of the Russian Empire

For citation: Grishin E. S. [Assessment of the State of Cartographic Exploration of the European Part of the Russian Empire as One of the Indicators of the Historical Development of the Territory (1721–1917)]. Istoriko-geograficheskiy zhurnal [Historical Geography Journal], 2025, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 6–37. DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2025-4-1-6-37 (In Russian).

Received 3 September 2024
Accepted 25 December 2024

© 2025 The Author

REFERENCES

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• Gnucheva V. F. Geograficheskiy departament Akademii nauk XVIII veka [Geographical Department of the Academy of Sciences of the 18th Century]. Moscow; Leningrad: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR Publ., 1946. (In Russian).
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• Istomina E. T. [Hydrographic Maps of the European Part of Russia in the Second Half of the 18th Century As a Historical and Geographical Source]. Ispol’zovaniye starykh kart v geograficheskikh n istoricheskikh issledovaniyakh [Using Old Maps in Geographical and Historical Research]. Moscow: Mosk. filial Geograf. ob-va SSSR Publ., 1980, pp. 76–87. (In Russian).
• Kartograficheskaya izuchennost’ Rossii (topograficheskiye i tematicheskiye karty) [Cartographic Exploration of Russia (Topographic and Thematic Maps)]. Moscow: Institut geografii RAN Publ., 1999. (In Russian).
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• Kolgushkin V. V. Opisaniye starinnykh atlasov, kart i planov XVI, XVII, XVIII vekov i poloviny XIX veka, khranyashchikhsya v arkhive tsentral’nogo kartograficheskogo proizvodstva VMF [Description of Old Atlases, Maps and Plans of the 16th, 17th, 18th Centuries and Half of the 19th Century, Stored in the Archive of the Central Cartographic Production of the Navy]. Leningrad: S. n., 1958. (In Russian).
• Krutov D. A. [Assessment of the Increase in the Geographical Knowledge of the Crimean Peninsula at the End of the 18th Century]. Istoriko-geograficheskiy zhurnal [Historical Geography Journal], 2022, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 44–55. DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2022-1-2-44-55 (In Russian).
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Ulyana V. Komarova 
Kirov Regional Museum of Local Lore named after P. V. Alabin, Vyatka State University
Kirov, Russia
E-mail: komarovau546@gmail.com
ORCID: 0009-0005-8521-292X

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UDC 902.2(470.342):528.9
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2025-4-1-38-49

ABSTRACT. The article provides an overview of significant studies of the Vyatka-Vetluga Ananyino cultural and historical area (AKIO), as well as a description of the chronology of the discovery of these sites in the Vyatka River basin. The author uses the mapping method to visualize the distribution of the AKIO sites. The cartographic method serves as a tool not only for displaying and analyzing data, but also for identifying the relationships between sites, determining their density and the dynamics of discovery over time. The article illustrates the author’s research with three maps, each of which is presented with a specific purpose. The first map shows the routes of the main expeditions from the 18th to the 20th centuries. The second map shows the discovery dates of the sites. The third map visualizes the distribution of the AKIO sites depending on soil conditions. In addition, this study is aimed at systematizing knowledge about AKIO and identifying trends in its study. There are several criteria for structuring the material: the type and name of the site, its dating, the researchers involved in the study, the total area of the monument and the area studied. These data enable accurate tracing the development of archaeological research in the Vyatka River basin from the very first discovery to the present day. The article highlights the importance of the cartographic method in the context of archaeology, demonstrating how data visualization can facilitate the identification of patterns and trends in the distribution of the Ananyino culture sites.

KEYWORDS: early Iron Age, Ananyino cultural and historical area, Vyatka-Vetluga AKIO, historiography, cartography, Vyatka River

For citation: Komarova U. V. [Cartography of the Archaeological Study of the Ananyino Culture Sites in the Vyatka River Basin]. Istoriko-geograficheskiy zhurnal [Historical Geography Journal], 2025, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 38–49. DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2025-4-1-38-49 (In Russian).

Received 12 December 2024
Accepted 6 March 2025

© 2025 The Author

REFERENCES

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Evgeniy S. Grishin
Institute of History and Archeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Ekaterinburg, Russia
E-mail: bibliosof-info@yandex.ru
ORCID: 0000-0002-9521-2246

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UDC 528.96
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2024-3-1-6-21

ABSTRACT. This article is devoted to the methodological and editorial issues of the formation and use of conventional signs when carrying out historical and cartographic work. It indicates the relevance of historical cartographic semantics, which usually does not receive proper reflection in works on the methodology for preparing historical maps. The author formulates the basic requirements for graphical means of the historical map in relation to their syntax, semantic compliance and general readability; provides the methodological basis for constructing and using symbols. Attention is paid to the structure of historical semantics and its individual blocks. A separate block of the article is devoted to the classification of signs and their areas of application. A description of the symbol resources is given. Sources of replenishment of symbols and mechanisms for the formation of new symbols are given. For each geometric type of symbol, an analysis of the various situations in which it can be used is presented; examples are given that reveal the informational and methodological potential of various techniques for using conventional signs. The article clarifies the concept of a reference base of symbols, which is a set of all available signs, grouped by thematic headings. The methodological provisions of the article are based on the practice of general and thematic mapping, as well as on the author’s personal profes- sional experience. The article is supplemented with examples of the thematic legends design, which can be used as a guide for the further accumulation of a reference base of symbols or for direct use when working with historical maps.

KEYWORDS: symbols, historical cartography, semantics.

For citation: Grishin E. S. , Semantics of the Historical Map. Constructing and Using Symbols for Historical Maps // Historical Geography Journal. 2024 Vol. 3 № 1 P. 6–21.

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Mikhail S. Baklykov
Ural Federal University
Ekaterinburg, Russia
E-mail: mikhail_baklykov@mail.ru
ORCID: 0009-0001-1974-4267

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UDC 94(624)“2011/2022”:004
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2024-3-1-22-35

ABSTRACT. The purpose of the study is to highlight the key factors that explain the nature and causes of permanent interreligious and interethnic conflicts in South Sudan in 2011–2022 and using them to classify the territories of South Sudan according to conflict potential. The article describes the experience of using geographic information systems to analyze key factors (ethnic composition of the population, number of refugees, food security index and oil infrastructure) that make up the territory’s conflict potential (in connection with the armed conflict in South Sudan after its declaration of independence). A comprehensive study of historical, demographic, ethnic, religious, economic and social factors that became the causes of the conflict, allows understanding the dynamics of economic processes in Sudan, and applying the experience gained when taking into account other conflicts in the region, including new possible options in Sudan and South Sudan. The author identifies the most conflict-prone areas of South Sudan — Manyo, Maiwut, Melut and Bayley in the Upper Nile states, in which there are interethnic conflicts between the Nuer and Shilluk tribes, low levels of food security, as well as developing oil reserves and oil pipelines. The results of the study can be used in the process of rapid response and proactive actions aimed at preventing crisis situations in those regions of South Sudan where the risk of emerging more complex problems is high.

KEYWORDS: armed conflict, Sudan, South Sudan, civil war in South Sudan, geographic information system.

For citation: Baklykov M. S. Using GIS to Analyze a Conflict Area: The Example of the Armed Conflict in South Sudan after the Declaration of Independence (2011–2022) // Historical Geography Journal. 2024 Vol. 3 № 1 P. 22–35.

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