Historical Geography Journal ISSN 2782-6511

Svetlana V. Golikova
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Institute of History and Archaeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Ekaterinburg, Russia
E-mail: avokilog@mail.ru
ORCID: 0000-0001-8272-4763

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UDC 94(470.5)“1795/1887”
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2024-3-2-88-105

ABSTRACT. The author examines age-sex pyramids based on materials from revision lists and censuses of the population of the Urals at the end of the 18th – 19th centuries. They have been a visual analysis tool since the 1880s as a clear and effective way for demographers to study census data on sex and age. Population pyramids allow widespread using of both diachronic and synchronic comparative methods. Thanks to the age pyramids, a phenomenon called “age heaping” was discovered, methods for its calculating were developed, showing the accuracy of age data (Whipple’s index became the most popular), and a connection was established between the values of the index and the level of literacy of the population. Analysis of the pyramids (residents of the Nizhni Tagil plant for 1795 and 1878, Chermoz plant for 1887, Okhansky uezd of the Perm province for 1858) showed that the population had a traditional type and an expanded reproduction regime. The population age profiles reflected two characteristic features of the inhabitants of the Perm province: high infant mortality and a significant excess of women over men. The cause of the disproportion was male excess mortality due to the use of a predominantly male workforce in the metallurgical and mining industries of the region. The Whipple indexes showed that age data in revision lists has a very high degree of accuracy. When enumerators began collecting age information by surveying residents, the reliability of the information decreased, but soon again.

KEYWORDS: historical demography, population pyramids, age heaping, Whipple’s index, Perm province

For citation: Golikova S. V. [Population Pyramids of the Perm Province, 1795–1887]. Istoriko- geograficheskiy zhurnal [Historical Geography Journal], 2024, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 88 105. DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2024-3-2-88-105 (In Russian).

Received 3 May 2024
Accepted 1 June 2024

© 2024 The Autor

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Svetlana V. Golikova
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Institute of History and Archaeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Ekaterinburg, Russia
E-mail: avokilog@mail.ru
ORCID: 0000-0001-8272-4763

 Download | Back to the Content № 2. 2024

UDC 94(470.5)“1795/1887”
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2024-3-2-88-105

ABSTRACT. The study continues a series of articles devoted to the problem of interregional economic contradictions between the Urals and the Ukraine in the USSR during the interwar period. In the second part of the work, the author examines the trends in the territorial organization of the Soviet ferrous metallurgy around the Urals and the Ukraine in the context of changes in the economic, political and social conjuncture occurred in the wake of the October Revolution. These trends were expressed in a shift in the location of the productive forces of the Soviet ferrous metallurgy to the western borders of the USSR, with their predominant concentration in the Ukraine. At the same time, in comparison with pre-revolutionary times, this shift was more pronounced, which was caused by the crisis phenomena accompanying the restoration of the Ural industry in the 1920s. The latter were caused by the inability to preserve the technology of charcoal metallurgy in the region in a pre-revolutionary volume and form. Attempts to adapt the Ural metallurgy to the existing conditions without structural technological changes proved unsuccessful and led to the threat of its actual absorption by the Ukrainian production through the organization of a union-wide metallurgical syndicate dominated by Ukrainian trusts. This led to the intensification of regionalism tendencies in the Urals, aggravated by its economic contradictions with Siberia and manifested during the mineralization of the Ural fuel balance with coal from the Kuznetsk basin. Against the background of the «metal famine» unfolding in the country, the tendency to concentrate
metallurgical production in the Ukraine predetermined the opposition not only of the industrial Urals, but also of the central government, which would soon lead to a surge of regionalism tendencies in the Ukraine as well.

KEYWORDS: economic history, economic geography, Urals, Ukraine, Western Siberia, October Revolution, metal famine, regionalism

For citation: Mikheev M. V. [The Urals and Ukraine in the System of Interregional Contradictions of the 1920s — 1930s (Part 2)]. Istoriko-geograficheskiy zhurnal [Historical Geography Journal], 2024, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 106–121. DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2024-3-2-106-121 (In Russian).

Received 7 April 2024
Accepted 9 June 2024

© 2024 The Autor

REFERENCES

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Andrey G. Belyaev
National Park “Yugyd Va”
Vuktyl, Russia
E-mail: andrey.optic@gmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0003-1678-7429

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UDC 94(47)“1806/1808”:910.4
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2024-3-1-36-45

ABSTRACT. The article presents an analysis of historical materials about the expedition of I. D. Popov at the beginning of the 19th century to the Yamal Peninsula and the lower reaches of the Ob and Pechora rivers. It is based on a bibliographic search and research of materials on both the expedition itself and the personality of its leader. The reasons for the organization of the expedition, its tasks, the timing of its conduct, the routes of movement, and the results achieved are shown. Along the proposed routes of the canals, the expedition leveled the rivers, measured the depths, tested the soils, and took transverse profiles. The presence of supply reservoirs on the ground was noted to ensure the operability of the designed water system. Popov compared the organization of the waterway through Yamal and along the Ob-Pechora route. He noted the main advantage of the second option — ships on the way from Siberia to the Arkhangelsk port would not encounter difficult ice conditions in Kara Bay and the Vaygach Strait. Going beyond the technical side of the task of organizing a waterway from Siberia to the European part of the country, Popov points out its critical economic importance for Russia. The author established previously unknown important dates in the life of I. D. Popov, the main stages of his activity, the main projects in which he took an active part and their geography — from the territory of present-day Finland in the west, to the Yenisei basin in the east.

KEYWORDS: Ivan Dmitrievich Popov, expedition, Yamal, Ob, Pechora, Kara Bay, historiography

For citation: Belyaev A. G. Ivan Dmitrievich Popov and His 1806–1808 Expedition to Find a Way to Connect the Ob and Pechora // Historical Geography Journal. 2024 Vol. 3 № 1 P. 36–45.

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Mikhail V. Mikheev
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Ekaterinburg, Russia
E-mail: mikheeviiiauroran@yandex.ru
ORCID: 0000-0001-8097-4953

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UDC 94(470.5+477)“1920/1930”
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2024-3-1-46-63

ABSTRACT. The presented research opens a series of articles devoted to the problem of interregional economic contradictions between the Urals and Ukraine in the USSR during the interwar period. During the period under review, these two regions concentrated the vast majority of the productive forces of the Soviet ferrous metallurgy. Thus, they were to become poles of growth for the future Stalinist industrialization, which in turn meant the need to divide significant investments, technical, raw materials and human resources between Ukraine and the Urals, and reorganize the USSR transport infrastructure for them. Such a redistribution could not happen without conflicts and contradictions. The latter were due to the inertia of the economic development of the Urals and Ukraine in the late Imperial period. In the late XIX — early XX centuries, the two regions were about to start a fierce competition for domestic markets for metallurgical products. The First World War and the 1917events interrupted this process, however, in the Soviet Union, trends persisted that opposed the Urals and Ukraine to each other. At the same time, they were not only a continuation of pre-revolutionary projects of territorial reorganization of Russia’s economy, but were also the result of the changed economic and political conjuncture in the post-revolutionary period. The article is the first part of our research. It concerns the issues of the genesis of the Ural-Ukrainian contradictions that were relevant in the run-up to industrialization.

KEYWORDS: Urals, Ukraine, Western Siberia, Southern Russia, Late Imperial period, industrialization, sectionalism.

For citation: Mikheev M. V. The Urals and Ukraine in the System of Interregional Contradictions of the 1920s – 1930s (Part 1) // Historical Geography Journal. 2024 Vol. 3 № 1 P. 36–45.

REFERENCES

• Baev O. V. Inostrannyy kapital v promyshlennosti Kuznetskogo basseyna (konets XIX — nachalo XX v.) [Foreign Capital in the Industry of the Kuznetsk Basin (Late 19th — Early 20th Century)]. Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuzizdat Publ., 2004 (In Russian).
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Dmitry V. Didenko
Doctor of Economic Sciences, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
Moscow, Russia
E-mail: didenko-dv@ranepa.ru
ORCID: 0000-0001-5295-2538

Evgeniy S. Grishin
Researcher, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Ekaterinburg, Russia
E-mail: bibliosof-info@yandex.ru
ORCID: 0000-0002-9521-2246

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UDC 94(47)«18/19»:913
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2023-2-3-38-57

ABSTRACT. The article presents a methodology for quantitative analysis of the influence of the natural-geographical environment on the accumulation of human capital and its testing on the data from the Asian part of the Russian Empire in the late 19th — early 20th centuries. The territorial unit of analysis is an uezd or district as a set of urban and rural settlements,  an internal part of larger administrative entities, namely provinces and regions. The regression analysis showed that geographical factors are statistically significantly associated with the formation of human capital in the territory of the Eastern part of late imperial Russia. The research work was carried out based on a wide range of statistical and cartographic sources, including data from the 1897 census, reference maps of the 1914 atlas, climatic atlases of the Russian Empire and others. The significance and quantitative estimates of various factors (climate, natural resources, share of the urban population, and others) of human capital accumulation depending on the sample are presented. The article shows in detail the progress of the work and its methodology, including the identification of significant factors of literacy disparity in the context of “urban/rural” and “male/female” population». Input data and results of regression analysis are provided in the corresponding tables. The processed data set was presented as a composition of cartographic materials. Thus, topical maps were prepared for the source data, in particular on natural resources and climate; statistical results on disparity were displayed in the form of cartograms.

KEYWORDS: human capital, Asian Russia, natural environment.

For citation: Didenko D. V., Grishin E. S. Assessment of the Influence of Natural Conditions on the Accumulation of Human Capital in the Eastern Regions of the Russian Empire in the Late 19th — Early 20th Century // Historical Geography Journal. 2023. Vol. 2. № 3. P. 38–57.

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Tatyana Yu. Kondakova
Candidate of Geographic Sciences, Associate Professor, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K.D. Ushinsky; Institute of Geography of the RAS
Yaroslavl, Moscow, Russia
E-mail: tanijakond7@mail.ru
ORCID: 0000-0003-3238-7425

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UDC 94(47)«18/19»:913
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2023-2-3-58-73

ABSTRACT. The main objective of the study is to systematize little-studied and little-used experiences of economic regionalization based on the study of primary sources of the pre- revolutionary period (from the mid-19th to the early 20th centuries). The article identifies the features of the formation and evolution of types of economic regionalization during this period based on the analysis of historical statistical sources; a grouping of economic zoning experiences is given: private zoning, complex economic expert zoning, agricultural statistical zoning; for each group, main and auxiliary characteristics and indicators for identifying and defining areas are established; the characteristics of examples of agricultural zoning in chronological order are given in more detail; in private zoning, the division of provinces into districts is considered based on the principles of fertility and the size of the land plot per 1 male soul. When characterizing the types of complex economic zoning, the most well-known, along with little-known, types of economic zoning are shown, including industrial zoning, supplemented by division into districts based on the grouping of distilleries, by the volume of handicraft wood processing, by the volume of match production; the importance of using these indicators is shown. When characterizing agricultural zoning, the importance of statistical indicators for identifying and defining regions is shown. Experiences of comprehensive economic and agricultural zoning are systematized on a chronological basis.

KEYWORDS: agricultural statistical zoning, complex expert economic regionalization, economic region, strip, zoning sign, groups of provinces, groups of districts.

For citation: Kondakova T. Yu. Historical and Geographical Features of the Development of Types of Economic Regionalization of European Russia in the Late 19th – Early 20th Century // Historical Geography Journal. 2023 Vol. 2 № 3 P. 58–73.

REFERENCES

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Vladimir A. Korshunkov
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Vyatka State University
Kirov, Russia
E-mail: vla_kor@mail.ru
ORCID: 0000-0001-6150-8308

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UDC 94(47+57) «17/18»
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2023-2-1-98-107

ABSTRACT. This article examines historical evidence according to which the Urals and even the Vyatka region (located far to the west of the Ural Mountains, in Europe) in past centuries were considered to be a part of Siberia. These testimonies are revealed mainly in the analysis of narrative sources, such as memoirs, journalism, and works of fiction. Russian historical sources describe the situation primarily in the 18th–19th centuries, some texts of Western European origin date back to an earlier time. This topic is close to the study of the so-called road tradition of Russia (otherwise: road daily life, road culture, traditional travel culture). The road tradition is the conditions, circumstances, and situations that accompanied overland travel over long distances in the era before railways and highways. The natural features of the Vyatka region and the Urals were similar to those of Siberia. There were a lot of fur-bearing animals on these lands, good conditions for cattle breeding, for the development of crafts, trades and even agriculture. The territories to the north-east of Moscow were considered abundant, attractive for people, and serfdom did not exist there either. The study of this topic refines our knowledge of the historical zoning of the Russian regions and makes a significant contribution to the humanitarian geography.

KEYWORDS: humanitarian geography, historical zoning of regions, road tradition of Russia, Ural region, Siberia, Vyatka region, travelogue

REFERENCES

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Andrey G. Belyaev
«Yugid va» National Park
Vuktyl, Russia
E-mail: andrey.optic@gmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0003-1678-7429

Elena I. Shubnitsina
Candidate of Technical Sciences, «Yugid va» National Park
Vuktyl, Russia
E-mail: shub07@yandex.ru
ORCID: 0000-0001-6198-7281

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UDC 94(470.5):81.373.2
DOI: 10.58529/2782-6511-2023-2-1-108-121

ABSTRACT. The nomadic peoples of the Northern and Circumpolar Urals have left very few material traces of their history and culture. One of the main sources of information about them remains toponymy – both modern and preserved in old cartographic and literary sources. On the example of the Shchugor River, the Pechora tributary, the history of research and development of the territory by different peoples, reflected in the maps, is traced: the appearance of the river and its tributaries on European and Russian maps, the transformation of toponyms. It gives a brief overview of hybrid and substrate toponyms (Nenets-Mansi, Komi-Nenets, Komi-Mansi), containing valuable information about the history of the development of the region. The general characteristics of the area — geographical, historical, ethnographic — are presented. Special attention is paid to the appearance on the maps of the Sibiryakovsky tract, «trans-stone» path through  the Urals from Siberia to Europe along the Shchugor River. The material is illustrated with 12 drawings, including 9 maps.

KEYWORDS: Shchugor, Northern Urals, maps, toponyms, historical geography

For citation: Belyaev A. G., Shubnitsina E. I. The History of Development of the Northern Urals in Cartography and Toponymy of the Shchugor River // Historical Geography Journal. 2023. Vol. 2. № 1. P. 108–121.

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